H & E.J. Dale carried on the business of F.J. Cox at the old address of 26 Ludgate Hill, the BJA advertisement for 1884 says the business is managed by C.D. Smith and that they have their own works, probably Kirby Street. The partnership between the two brothers was ended on 16th July 1888. Previously Henry Dale was in partnership with Thomas Philip Christopher Crampton trading as Dale & Crampton. H & E.J. Dale are described as opticians, electricians, and manufacturers of photographic and scientific instruments. Dale & Crampton had a similar line of business though not including photographic apparatus.

The Era magazine includes an obituary of E.J. Dale, it states that in his youth he was working for F.J. Cox. He left Cox to pursue a career on the stage as an illusionist and conjurer in this capacity he toured and performed in the United Sates. He then formed the partnership with his brother Henry and took over the old business of F.J. Cox. This lasted until 1888 when he resumed his career associated with the theatre. The Era states that he worked at one time for R.W. Paul exhibiting films, John Barnes states that in 1897 he was exhibiting at the Crystal Palace using the Animatoscope. As well as performing he manufactured illusion and conjuring equipment.

H. Dale & Co. must have ended when Henry Dale was imprisoned in 1889 for embezzlement.

The 26 Ludgate Hill address was occupied by Price, Talbot & Co. in 1890 and then Price & Co. from 1891, both described as camera manufacturers.

John Henry Dallmeyer (b. 1832, d. 1883) was described as an optician living at West Heath Rd in the 1881 census. Prior to establishing his own company in 1860 he was working for Andrew Ross and before that W. Hewitt. In 1854 he married Hannah Ross daughter of Andrew Ross. His sons were Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer (b. 1859, d. 1906) and Richard Dallmeyer (b. 1870). A portrait of T.R. Dallmeyer is shown on the frontispiece of the 1909 BJA.

Dallmeyer advertisements and other sources give the establishment date as 1860, a Notice of Removal in 'Notes & Queries' for 17 December 1859 states that J.H. Dallmeyer has already moved to Bloomsbury Street.

The move to Newman St. took place on the 1st Feb 1888, the move to Mortimer St. took place on 30 Sep 1925. The transfer from the Denzil Rd address to Church End Works occurred late in 1911, the two were adjoining sites; Denzil Road and Willesden High Road are linked by Dallmeyer Road.

Cyril Frederick Lan-Davis (b. 1887, d. 1915), was a director of the company and author of 'Telephotography'.

Robert Dawes, William Cameron Simpson, Listed as apparatus manufacturers but elsewhere described as commissioning agents.

William Thomas Dawkins died in 1894 his three sons continued the business but probably for only a short while.

The partnership between William Oswald Leonard Stanley and William Arthur Dawkins Electricians and Electrical Engineers and Manufacturers of Photographic and Scientific Apparatus was dissolved in 1892. Dawkins then ran the company in 1894 he patented a changing box (BP 12119/1894).

Supplied the Cundell camera.

Until around 1910 Dockree was working with Houghtons (patents were issued in their joint names). From c. 1910 he was trading under the name of Walter Dockree & Co. In 1915 he joined Staley, Shew & Co. who continued to sell the Britisher Reflex that was made by Dockree. Staley, Shew traded for only a few years. Dockree then worked for, or collaborated with, Houghton-Butcher on their reflex cameras. Staley's 1916 BJA advertisement states that Dockree has joined the new company and that he was the manufacturer of the Britisher Reflex.

The Drem company was founded around 1924 by Dr. Emil Mayer. The directors of the London firm are given as Dr. Emil Mayer and Alfred Oglesby. Sands & Hunter were at the same address.

Spicer-Dufay Ltd was formed around 1932, Ilford were share holders. A year later Ilford's stake increased and the company name changed to Spicer-Dufay (British) Ltd. From this time Ilford were handling the manufacture and distribution of Dufay Colour film. In 1936 Dufay-Chromex was formed to handle the distribution, Ilford's involvement decreased from around 1938 though they were still involved in the manufacturing process.

The company structure of Spicer-Dufay and Dufay-Chromex is not clear, there were several trading companies along with purely holding companies. The major firms involved were Spicer, a printers, and Ilford. Cinecolor joined at the formation of Dufay-Chromex, which is where the Chromex name comes from. There was also a Dufaycolor Ltd. When Dufaycolor film was ended Dufay Ltd became a holding and investment company, Coronet Ltd was one such acquisition.

The Dufay-Chromex factory at Elstree was the former Wellington & Ward factory.

M.W. Dunscombe took over the business of Braham & Co., to whom he had been an apprentice, in 1874. He was primarily an optician (spectacles) but supplied other optical goods including cameras. They were still advertising cameras in the 1950s.

John Braham died in 1864 and had recently moved from Bristol to London. The 1874 date given above comes from Morrison-Low who gives her source as street directories. In the 1871 census Dunscombe is described as an Opticians Manager at St Augustine's Parade. In 1866 Dunscombe was made bankrupt whilst living in London as an opticians assistant. At the about the same time Frederick Joseph Braham (of Birmingham) and Joseph Braham (of Bristol), two of John Braham's sons, were also made bankrupt.

Supplier of philosophical instruments, known to have retailed cameras in the early 1840s.

Established in 1893, they briefly became part of Britannia Works in 1895 then resumed business under the previous name. Moved to Warwick around October 1898. The manufacture of roll-film started in 1902. Part of the BPI group from 1915. Edwards was part owner, along with Nelson, Dale & Co, of the Warwick Dry Plate Co.

Austin Edwards was previously in partnership with B.J Edwards. The firm used the trade mark of Setoloid (no. 195983, 198878) from c. 1897.

B.J. Edwards was a photographer and manufacturer of items such as collodion, from around 1881 he started producing dry-plates. Edwards were the first, in 1887, to make orthochromatic plates in Britain. The firm became a limited company in 1900, in the 1906 BJA their advertisement states that the founder (B.J. Edwards) now has control of the company once more. The company was acquired by Leto Photo Materials Co. (1905) Ltd. in 1909. The Ealing works remained and 'Edwards' became a brand name. Benjamin Joseph Edwards was the father of Austin Edwards, after retirement from 'B.J. Edwards' he started a small factory - Wisto - in Hayes Middlesex. A photograph of B.J. Edwards is in the BJA 1926.

In the BJA of 1877 a photographic printers is advertised as B.J. Edwards & Co. at 61 Fleet St., this was a partnership between Edwards and Herbert Montague Wright which was dissolved in 1877. A photo-mechanical process known as Photo-Tint was operated.

At some time Austin Clay Edwards was a partner in B.J. Edwards & Co., this ended in June 1893.

In 1898 W. Edwards retired from the business, his grandson F. Edwards Brown then managed the firm. The firm purchased the factory and machinery (i.e. for apparatus manufacture) of the European Blair Company and manufactured the Hawkmoth camera and other items. The firm was bankrupt in 1900.

Charles Earp Elliott, dealer and importer. Sometimes styled City of London Photographic Stores. Manufacturers of the Cook Patent camera, a model with a built-in changing box.

Established in 1863. The partnership between Joseph John Elliott and Clarence Edmund Fry was dissolved on 31/12/1892, Elliott remained at Baker St. trading as Elliott & Fry. Fry took over the Gloucester Terrace studio trading as C.E. Fry & Son. E.C. Elliott, son of the founder, became sole proprieter in 1903 on the death of his father. Elliott & Fry became a limited company in 1911 with capital of £1000. The company was wound up and taken over in 1963.

The partnership running the printing side of Elliott & Fry in Barnet was dissolved on 31/7/1887, Elliott carried on the business as Elliott & Son manufacturing photographic plates and papers.

The Baker St. studio is described in The Photographic Studios of Europe.

Originally the printing works of Elliott & Fry; in 1887 this part of the business was bought out by J.J. Elliott becoming Elliott & Son which went on to manufacture photographic plates and papers. Elliott remained a partner in Elliott & Fry. The sales division became part of Barnet Ensign from 1945.

Birt Acres was manager of Elliott & Son until 1895.

Primarily printers, enlargers and retouchers. From the late 1890s they sold the Apek range of cameras, some of which were imported from America.

Heinrich Ernemann (b. 1850, d. 1297) founded the company in 1889. The change to a limited liability company was around 1899.

The European Blair Camera Co. imported cameras from the United States, they also manufactured film, plates and, for a time, cameras in the UK. The company was wound up in 1903. In 1896 they purchased the Premier Dry Plate Co. of Notting Hill. In 1899 the offices moved to The Mills, Foots Cray, Kent. A factory at Chalk Farm is also mentioned. Following the winding up of the company the factory and machinery were purchased by the firm of F. Edwards Brown.

An article in The Photogram of 1894 gives some background information on the European Blair company and parent company in the US. The Blair Camera Co. was founded in 1881 with capital of $7,500, European Blair, when formed, had capital of £25,000.

Formed in 1902 by the amalgamation of Evans & Sons and Lescher & Webb. The predecessors of this firm were various partnerships formed by members of the Evans and Lescher families, based in London and Liverpool, their main business was as wholesale druggists. The earliest reference is for 1843 when they are at 60 Bartholomew Close.

Evans, Sons & Co. sold cameras under the Hanover brand name.

The Evanite Trade name used by the firm for chemical substances was registered in 1911, the addresses given were: 56 Hanover St. Liverpool and 60 Bartholomew Close London (no. 332369).

Jonathan Fallowfield opened a chemist shop in 1856 probably in partnership with William Jameson who retired in 1859. The sale of photographic supplies dates to 1860 or before. In 1888 the firm was bought by F.W. Hindley (d. 1925). In 1930 the directors are given as F. Duncan Hindley, H.J. Traise and E.J. Collier. The Charing Cross and later addresses were often styled 'Central Photographic Stores'. The BJA of 1898 shows an illustration of the Charing Cross Road address, the BJA of 1925 shows illustrations of the Newman St. premises.

Fallowfield lived for most of his life in the Brixton area of London. Frank Miall, associated with Fallowfield cameras, was also from that area.

In his book, Victorian Snapshots, Paul Martin describes a visit to Fallowfields in Lower Marsh.

The image on the right shows the Lower Marsh building, the image far right shows the Oakley St. building.

The Photographic Dealer has a report of a visit to the factory, it states that the firm makes wooden cameras as well as many other items.

Manufacturers of camera brass-work, they may also have manufactured cameras as several wooden models carry their name plate.

The best way of reading the various Fradelle entries is:

• Fradelle & Young 1886 - after 1900.
• F. Albert Fradelle 1877 - 1886.
• Fradelle & Marshall 1872 - 1877.
• Fradelle & Leach 1869 - 1872.
• F. Albert Fradelle 1864 - 1869.

F. Albert Fradelle died 18/10/1884.

The partnership between Fradelle and Eugenia Caroline Bolton (previously Leach) was dissolved on 1 March 1872.

The partnership was declared bankrupt in late 1877. William Shury Marshall then traded from 34 Parliament St.

Louis Aubrey Franks was generally known as Aubrey. He (unless there was a second person of that name) was at 95 Deansgate (and 2,4 King St.) trading as L.A. Franks when made bankrupt in 1879, shortly after that date Aubrey Franks was at 95 Deansgate, trading as A. Franks, optician. The partnership between Aubrey and Benjamin Franks, trading as A & B Franks at 95 Deansgate, was dissolved in 1897.

The Friese Greene and Collings group is quite complicated, Friese Greene had studios in Bath, Plymouth and Clifton, in 1885 he started studios in London, in 1887 he went into partnership with A.A and J.W. Collings, probably to finance the venture, trading as Friese Greene & Collings. The partnership soon collapsed (1888), Friese Greene then worked under his own name for a while before going into partnership with Frederick William Simpson as Friese Greene and Simpson, a short while later this became a limited company.

After the split the two Collings brothers traded together as J.W. & A.E. Collings and separately as A.E. Collings and Whyte Collings Ltd.

The London Gazette of 1888 notes that the partnership between Arthur Albert Collings, James Whyte Collings and William Friese Greene trading at 69 New Bond St., 92 Piccadilly, 100 and 110 Westbourne Grove, London and 69 Western Rd. Brighton, 34 Gay St. Bath, was dissolved on 1/5/1888. It then goes on to detail how the occupancy of the studios is split, that differs to that shown in trade directories. The addresses shown here are from the trade directories.

The partnership between Friese Greene and Frederick William Simpson trading as Friese Greene and Simpson of Gay St. Bath was dissolved on 25/8/1890. They then formed Friese Greene Simpson and Co. Ltd.

Friese Greene was born William Greene or Green, after his marriage he started to use his wife's maiden name, trade directories show him as Greene, Friese; photograph mounts are signed Friese Greene. Arthur Albert Collings used the name Arthur Esme Collings during his time in photography.

Clarence Edmund Fry was previously one of the partners of Elliott & Fry.

Samuel Fry started work at the London School of Photography, after two or three years he formed his own business as a photographer in 1857 at 79 Kings Road Brighton, he remained at Brighton until around 1860. In 1862 he opened a studio at 83 Gracechurch Street London in partnership with Charles Hamilton Colepeper, trading as Fry and Hamilton. The partnership lasted only until April of that year when it was dissolved. At some point, probably early in 1865, two partners were acquired - Frederick Gush and William J. Ferguson - this partnership, trading as The Globe Photographic Co. and possibly Fry, Gush and Ferguson, was dissolved in July 1865. Gush and Ferguson continued to operate the studio in Gracechurch St. Fry had opened a studio in Kingston-on-Thames and continued business at that address. By 1885 the portrait business had been disposed of allowing Fry to concentrate on dry plate manufacture.

Samuel Fry probably began the commercial manufacture of gelatine dry plates in 1879, it must have been before 1880 as there is an advertisement in the British Journal Photographic Almanac for that year which includes a list of photographers using the Kingston-Special Dry Plate. The plates were manufactured at Kingston-on-Thames. Samuel Fry & Co. Ltd, was wound up in September 1889, the business was carried on by Samuel Herbert Fry, son of Samuel Fry, and Arthur Eugene Hayman trading as Fry Manufacturing Co. this partnership was wound up at the end of 1890 though manufacturing continued until 1892.

Gush and Ferguson operated a studio at 179 Regent St. until 1865 and later at 194 Regent St.

Samuel Herbert Fry (d. 1921) was offering a printing and enlargement service from 12 South Villas Camden Square in 1902, later (1907) he opened a studio at 5 Highbury Grove.

The firm was established in 1885 by Louis Gandolfi who had previously worked for Lejeune & Perken. Gandolfi made extensively for the trade (e.g. Watson, Sands & Hunter) and supplied many government departments with specialised cameras.

The Gandolfi family lived at the Old Kent Rd premises and later at the Hall Rd address. At his death the effects of Louis Gandolfi amounted to £1505. The business was continued by his three sons: Thomas Joseph, Frederick Louis and Arthur Ernest.

Established around 1856, Garland was previously working for Ottewill.

Agents for Ica, Ernemann and Mimosa prior to the formation of Garner & Peeling in 1927.

Formed around 1931 after Garner & Peeling was dissolved. Agents for Ihagee. Later (1940) at 103 The Ridge. Orpington.

Garner & Peeling was formed in 1927 as agents for Zeiss-Ikon in the UK. The firm was wound up at the end of 1930 when Zeiss-Ikon Ltd was formed. C. Garner had previously been the agent for Ica and Ernemann; Peeling & Van Neck (which continued in business) had been the agent for Goerz. After the firm was wound-up Garner formed Garner & Jones which handled Ihagee in the UK.

Retailer, especially of high quality cameras. Gask was previously a manager at London Stereoscopic.

Gaumont were the London agents for Lumière from 1899 to 1901. The British branch became a limited company in 1909, the manager was A.C. Bromhead.

Established in January 1895, T.E.H. Bullen was Managing Director, T. Thorne Baker was chemist to the firm and, in 1904, a director. Bullen resigned in 1904. Curiously the company was wound up in 1901 and reformed.

Founded on 28th June 1894 by Lieven Gevaert (b. 1869, d. 1935). From 1899 their products were distributed in Britain by L. Trapp & Co. Budge Row London. In 1909 Gevaert Ltd was formed and an office under their own name was opened in London. Gevaert Ltd. had capital of £5,000, the shareholders were L. Gevaert, P. Koep and C.J. Miller.

From the early 1840s T.H. Gladwell worked as a carver and gilder from 21 Gracechurch Street the business evolved into selling prints and photographs. A second location, 87 Gracechurch Street, specialised in photographs especially stereos; for a time this was styled the City Stereoscopic Depot. Gladwell's involvement in photographs probably ended with the closing of 87 Gracechurch Street.

H.W. Gladwell, the son of T.H., had for a short time a business at 11 Poultry as a stereoscope importer, he was made bankrupt in 1859. A short time after this he operated as a photographic artist at 5 Ludgate Street. H.W. Gladwell took over the Colonial Tavern at 20 Gracechurch Street around 1879.

On T.H. Gladwell's death in 1879 his sons took over the business at 21 Gracechurch Street under the name of Gladwell Brothers. The Gladwell Brothers partnership was for a defined period and ended in 1891, H.W. and A.T. then split the business (A.E. had died previous to this). Following the split H.W. operated from 25 Philpot Street and 70 & 71 Cheapside as Gladwell & Co. print sellers and fine art dealers. A.T. Gladwell moved from Gracechurch Street to 164 Fenchurch Street with works at 156 Borough (the lease at Gracechurch Street had ended).

Charles F. Gladwell, was a 'photographic publisher' with premises in Newman Street in the 1860s (later in partnership with Thomas Richardson as Gladwell, Richardson & Co.).

The firm handled the distribution of Goerz products in the UK, it was wound up during World War I under the 'trading with the enemy' act. Paul Ponge ran the business when it was founded.

The Berlin factory produced lens no. 20,000 at the end of 1894, 100,000 in 1901, no. 250,000 was shown at the 1908 RPS exhibition. A Goerz advertisement in the 1924 BJA says that over 575,000 have been made.

Manufactured an exposure meter.

Gotz were importers and dealers but also patented their own equipment including a shutter and a camera (BP 10594/1885). Their photographic involvement seems to have ended in the late 1890s. John Rudolph Gotz.

Chemists, issued a photographic catalogue around 1860.

An 1854 catalogue mentions a Richard Griffin & Co. of Glasgow. The Playfair Collection catalogue states that the brothers Richard Thomas and John Joseph Griffin set up as dealers and manufacturers of chemical apparatus in Glasgow. This may have been as early as 1826 and was certainly before 1837 for which date there is an apparatus catalogue. The London branch was started around 1848.

Charles Griffin was running the firm in 1885 when discharged from bankruptcy. John Ross Griffin (d. 1921), grandson of John Joseph G., worked at the firm at some point. For a short time, c. 1890 - c. 1892, Robert C. Murray managed the photographic side of Griffin. A.W. Green ran the photographic side from 1911 taking over from a Mr. Ibetson.

Griffin's involvement in photographic supplies expanded in the late 1890s and early 1900s. They were distributors for Velox paper and still manufactured albumen paper. Griffin took over the sensitised paper business of J.D. Mucklow in 1900.

The Duraline Trade Name used by Griffin was registered in 1911 (no. 333341).

Griffiths' earliest advertisements are for photo-lithography and printing services. Enlargers were later sold as a speciality of the firm. In the 1890s cameras were patented and manufactured, in particular the Guinea detective camera. The limited company was formed in 1901 with capital of £2000 and wound up in 1905. The Union St. depot was managed by M.O. Suffield.

Traded as Haes & Vandyk (possibly Carl Vandyk) between 1874 and 1881 from the Wesbourne Grove address. Frank Haes b. 1832 d. 1916.

An advertisement shows a field camera together with enlarging and printing apparatus. The trade mark 'Delograph' was used. The advertisement, from 1894, also states '16 years with the New Zealand Ordnance Survey Department' giving the impression that the firm was recently formed.

George Hare was living at the Pentonville Road address in 1861, at that time he employed eight men and one boy. In 1881 he was living at 26 Calthorpe Street and employed 12 men and 3 boys. He was born in St Saviours York where he served an apprenticeship with his father (James) as a joiner, later he moved to London and worked for Ottewill. He remained there for only a year or two before setting up his own workshop. In 1867 he must have had financial problems and agreed payment terms with his creditors. He was survived by three daughters and a son James (b. 1857) who worked for Dale before emigrating to America and becoming a noted photographer.

Hare cameras are of the highest quality and hand-made, the timber used is usually Spanish mahogany with the screw head slots aligned. Hare sold a range of cameras but is especially noted for the '1882' folding bed model and his tailboard camera of 1878. Typically the edges of the retaining strips holding the lens panel have a flat bevel to them. He probably supplied to the trade.

Hare is listed as the maker of the Ladies' Camera, a combined camera and darkroom, patented by W.A. Brice in 1876 (BP 1050/1876). He also made early examples of the Rowsell's Graphoscope for Rowsell.

Calthorpe St. at this time ran between Gray's Inn Rd and Phoenix Place, Lower Calthorpe ran between Phoenix Place and Farringdon Rd. Later the whole road was known as Calthorpe.

Wholesale chemists, in the 1890s they advertised the Cytox Hand camera under their own name.

Later as Dunn & Co.

William Heilbronn traded as a photographic paper manufacturer or supplier (probably an importer) at 433 Strand between 1863 and 1866, he is listed as bankrupt in 1867.

He is also listed as a photographer in partnership with Edward Schnadhorst under the name of Schnadhorst & Heilbronn, that partnership was dissolved in 1864.

In 1865 he was for a short time in partnership with John Henry Robert Pike trading as Pike & Heilbronn, photographers. Both of the studios were at 433 Strand.

Ernest Edwards was a photographer working from a studio in Baker Street London, in 1868 he was part of a group that bought the patent rights to Swan's carbon process which was the start of the Autotype company.

During the period 1868 to 1870 Edwards must have been developing the Heliotype photo-mechanical printing process.

The process did not prove popular in Britain probably due to competition from the Woodburytype and Collotype processes and the firm closed in 1877. Edwards moved to the US and worked the proces there.

H.M. Wright later ran a printing company with B.J. Edwards in Fleet St.

Hepworth was trading from 22 Cecil Court until March 1898 when he closed his business and went to work for Maguire & Baucus. That arrangement could not have lasted long, by August 1899 he had established Hepworth & Co. and was making films at Walton-on-Thames. The partnership between Cecil Milton Hepworth and Henry Vassar Lawley trading as Hepworth & Co. was dissolved in 1904. Hepworth Manufacturing Co. Ltd. was registered with capital of £4,000 in 1904, the firm was wound up in 1919. C.M. Hepworth was the son of T.C. Hepworth. Hepwix was used as a trade name.

Manufactured the Colonel Stewart Panoram camera in 1894, also produced some camera finders and levels around the same time. Scientific instrument makers.

Adam Hilger came to Britain in 1870 and started work for John Browning at the Minories in London. In 1874 he and his brother Otto formed a partnership making scientific instruments especially spectroscopes. The partnership was cut short in 1897 when Adam died in an accident. From then the firm was run by Otto who died in 1902. Frank Twyman worked at the firm since 1898 and took over following Otto's death.

Adam Hilger Ltd. was incorporated as a limted company in 1904. In 1948 they merged with E R Watts to form Hilger & Watts. H & W became part of the Rank Organisation in 1968.

Hilger produced specialised cameras for scientific use and also the Hillman colour camera.

The partnership between Henry Hill and A.L. Adams, trading as Hill & Co., was dissolved at the end of 1892.

Hill worked with several retailers and manufacturers supplying technical and engineering expertise. In 1892 he formed a short partnership with Lindsay-Simpson (at this time Lindsay-Simpson was already associated with Adams) and later with Adams with whom he developed several patents. He later worked with E.G. Price from 1897, again developing patents. Henry Hill was possibly a distant relation to A.J.E. Hill (of Photo Ltd). A joint patent application was made in the names of Henry Hill, E.G. Price and Photo Ltd. Some Photo Ltd products, e.g. the Kalos shutter, were also sold under the Adams name.

Diagram showing relationship between Hill and the Newman an Adams companies.

Camera maker, active in the late 1880s and 1890s.

Hinton describe themselves as pharmaceutical and photographic chemists. They produced a range of chemicals under their own brand name. In 1889 they advertised Newman's shutter and a little later a Thornton-Pickard or Kershaw shutter fitted with Newman's timing device, which would indicate that they had some manufacturing capability by that time. In 1892 they advertised a Half-Plate Hand & Stand Camera which looked more original than its name, in 1903 they advertised a bellows camera called the Rex and a panoramic camera, all of these were manufactured by themselves or, more likely, for them. In later years they specialised in accessories, darkroom lamps etc.

In 1901 Frederick Parsons the proprietor of the firm died and was succeeded in the business by his son F.T. Parsons.

Hockin were chemists who, in the wet-plate period, supplied photographic materials such as collodion, they also supplied equipment. The partnership between J.B. Hockin, Samuel King Wilson and Charles Hockin, trading as Hockin, Wilson & Hockin, was dissolved in 1866 when Charles H. retired.

Books by John Brent Hockin: How to obtain positive and negative pictures on collodionized glass, and copy the latter upon paper. A short sketch adapted for the Tyro in Photography, 1853. Practical Hints on the Photographic process on glass and paper, 1854. Practical Hints on Photography, its Chemistry and Manipulations, 1860.

Holden was a leading retailer of the 1950s advertising in the AP.

Established in 1884 according to advertisements. Merged into Houghtons Ltd in 1904. Patents were in the names of Leonard Holmes, Leonard Edwin Holmes and Herbert Holmes. Holmes Brothers were the manufacturers of the Sanderson.

Holmes Brothers advertised in the photographic press from around 1897, Len Holmes is also listed in the commercial section of street directories from around that time. Addresses associated with the firm are Barnsbury Rd. and Pultney St. which are the addresses of Len Holmes. Presumably the firm comprised Len Holmes and his two sons Leonard Edwin Holmes and Herbert. Previously the firm must have been manufacturing for the trade.

Alfred Henry Holmes and Francis Holmes, brothers of Len Holmes, are described in the 1891 census as photographic cabinet makers, Edward Holmes, another brother, is described as a cabinet maker all lived in the same area of Islington. Francis was part of the Holmes & Watson firm until 1895.

Advertised as manufacturers in the 1889 BJA. The partnership between Francis Holmes and William Watson was dissolved in August 1895, Watson carried on the business, probably as W. Watson, until August 1896 when he was made bankrupt.

Francis Holmes was the brother of Len Holmes.

J. and A.G. Hopkins patented a plate changing arrangement (BP 3026/1884) which was sold by them to be fitted to an existing camera or as part of their Simplex camera. They describe themselves as makers of cameras and tripods. The camera was shown at RPS meetings.

J & A.G. Hopkins were also photographers with a studio in Hoddesdon.

Hora describe themselves as photographic chemists, from around 1898 they sold cameras under their brand name of Fairfield, these were either British made field cameras or German imports. The nature of the company changed following World War I.

George Francis Horne (b. 1861) was issued patents in the 1890s for a simple folding camera and a dark-slide, both of which were incorporated in Horne's Pocket Camera. In 1913 he was issued a patent for a folding magazine camera. Horne's early career was as a wood engraver, his involvement in camera manufacture or retailing started around 1896.

Early advertisements show that H,T & W are the successors to Edward Palmer who was trading from 103 Newgate St. until 1844. W.H. Thornthwaite worked for Palmer, an advertisement in the Athenaeum (21 Sep 1844) indicates that Horne and Wood also worked for or were suppliers to Palmer who was a retailer of scientific and photographic equipment (Talbot bought supplies from him). H,T & W's 1852 catalogue shows them to be selling Daguerreotype and calotype equipment. The company was still trading from 416 Strand in the 1900s.

The Wood in the company title is E.G. Wood who was later in business under his own name in the Cheapside area. Fallon Horne was another founder of the company. He exhibited at several photographic exhibitions and possibly trained as a chemist. W.H. Thornthwaite was an optician and a scientific instrument maker, his son W.H.E Thornthwaite also worked for the firm making scientific instruments including microscopes and telescopes.

It is difficult to make complete sense of the various company names and activities, it is known that Wood manufactured cameras, along with other scientific equipment, and also had a retail outlet under his own name. Oddly though, the early H,T & W catalogues mention equipment as being ' ... Horne & Co's improved ...'. Several scientific artefacts still exist labelled Horne & Co. including a Daguerreotype sensitising box in the Science Museum collection with the address of 121 Newgate Street. The firm might be better understood as loosely connected partnerships and individuals trading from a common building.

The census records indicate that the firm had a reasonably large manufacturing output, in 1851 and 1861 they (W.H. Thornthwaite) state that 26 and 25 men are employed, this probably includes a number working directly for E.G. Wood since he states, elsewhere, that he employs 15 men in 1851 and gives his address as 123 Newgate St. By 1871 the figure for H&T has dropped to 10.

1854 End of the first partnership

Fallon Horne's death is recorded in Thanet in 1858. He was a noted calotypist and member of the Photographic Society (later RPS).

1883/84

The ending of the Thornthwaite, Ackland and Barnes partnership ties-in with a reference that Horne & Thornthwaite was bought by James Martin in 1884 to be managed by his son G.S. Martin. James Martin had an existing connection with H & T; William Ackland remained in charge of the spectacle department of the firm. Martin & Sallnow operated as photographers from 416 Strand from this time. E.G. Wood must have rejoined the firm in some way as the name reverts to H, T & W.

1893

1913

In 1851 William Russell Bland (Bland & Long) was working at Horne & Thornthwaite with E G Wood in Newgate street.

A carte de visite in the collection has the address of 213 Regent Street and 121 Newgate Street. Their catalogue offers instructions in photography when equipment is purchased at the purpose-built glasshouse at 121 Newgate.

Books by W.H. Thornthwaite: Photographic Manipulation: containing simple and practical details of the most improved processes of Photogenic Drawing, the Daguerreotype and the Calotype, 1843. Guide to Photography, 1845 (this book was published over several years with changes to the precise title).

Books by William Ackland: How to take Stereoscopic Pictures, including a detailed account of the necessary apparatus, and minute description of a modified collodio-albumen process, 1857. Hints on Fothergill's process, 1858.

Horton started a patent (26197) in 1897 for the Scroll shutter. The company was located in Cold Harbour, Hythe.

Houghtons grew out of the partnership of Antoine Claudet and George Houghton, trading in imported sheet glass and glass shades. In 1839 Claudet acquired a licence for the Daguerreotype process and, for a short time at least, the firm supplied Daguerreotype materials. When Claudet opened a photographic studio in 1841 Claudet & Houghton's involvement in the Daguerreotype probably ended. During the wet-plate period Houghtons were supplying glass plates, photograph mounts and other items including cameras, in the 1880s the firm supplied dry-plates under their own trade mark.

In 1889 a relatively new company, the Photographic Apparatus & Chemical Co., was acquired. From that time the firm expanded substantially especially in the supply of cameras. In 1894 the stock and goodwill of Amphlett Humphreys & Co. Ltd was acquired. In 1899 the sensitised paper side of the London & Blackfriars Photographic Supply Co., which must have been the old Spicer Brothers operation, was acquired. By the 1900s they were leading wholesalers carrying a complete range of photographic products.

George Houghton & Son Ltd was registered on the 1st January 1903 with capital of £100,000, 20% of the shares were offered to the public.

In 1904 Spratt Brothers, Joseph Levi & Co., Holmes Brothers and Ilex Camera Works joined George Houghton to form Houghtons Ltd. Houghtons Ltd was registered in March 1904 with share capital of £175,000, the directors were: G. Houghton, M.L. Isaacs, E.W. Houghton, L.M. Isaacs, A.S. Spratt and H.J. Spratt. In 1915 the manufacturing companies in the group were separated to form, together with Butcher & Son, Houghton-Butcher Manufacturing Co.

The company merged with Butcher & Son in 1926 to form Houghton-Butcher (Great Britain) Ltd.

George Houghton the chairman of Houghtons and the son of the founder joined the company in 1852. Edgar W. Houghton (grandson of founder) joined in 1887, he succeeded his father to become chairman in 1913, previously he was managing director. Charles E. Houghton (grandson of founder) joined in 1890. A.S. Spratt who worked for the company died in 1908. A photograph of G. Houghton is contained in the Photographic Dealer for June 1902. A photograph of Edgar Houghton is contained in the AP of 1919.

In 1914 the staff employed at the depots numbered 200 and at the works 950.

The Alliance Roll film Camera Co. Ltd, connected with Houghtons, was registered in 1902 with capital of £10,000 and wound up in 1904.

Brand names, sometimes taken from constituent companies, include: Klito (from J. Levi), Victo (G. Houghton), Holborn (G. Houghton) and Tudor (from Spratt Brothers works). The Ensign name as a trade mark was registered in 1902. The Sanderson camera was produced by Houghton and manufactured by Holmes Brothers.

Houghtons merged with Butcher & Son in 1926 to form Houghton-Butcher (Great Britain) Ltd, this was a sales organisation, manufacturing was carried out by the Houghton-Butcher Mfg Company. In September 1940 the Ensign premises in Holborn were bombed. In October 1940 the company was liquidated, the goodwill and stock was taken over by Johnsons of Hendon. Stanley Houghton and Fred Butcher, directors of Ensign, joined the board of Johnsons. Johnsons formed a company - Houghtons (Holborn) - to carry on the Ensign retail business with premises at 94 High Holborn, but this did not last for long. The BJA 1945 shows a photograph of the 94 & 95 High Holborn address and the 89 Holborn address.

British Photographic Industries (BPI), a holding company, acquired a controlling interest in Houghton, Butcher and other photographic companies in 1915.

Formed in January 1915 as the manufacturing company for Houghtons and Butcher & Son. The share capital was £70,000, the directors were E.W. Houghton, W.F. Butcher, F.W. Thompson, F.E. Butcher, I. Joseph, C.E. Houghton, G.A. Spratt and H.J. Spratt. In 1945 H-B Mfg merged with the sales division of Elliott to form Barnet Ensign.

Showroom for Ensign products after Johnsons of Hendon takeover.

Patented and manufactured magazine cameras, in the Pneu falling plate camera the release of the plate was connected to the shutter release. Also sold magic lantern equipment. Gave up photography in 1900 to concentrate on his motor car business. Felix William Hudlass.

After 1900 the photographic business was run by The Southport Photo Appliances Company at Phoenix Camera Works, Ivy Street, Southport.

Retailer, active throughout the 1890s, used the strapline New London Photographic Stores. A twin lens camera called the Xela was advertised.

Hughes worked as an assistant to Mayall in London. Around 1850 he opened a studio in Glasgow and in 1855 took over the Strand premises of Mayall; the Glasgow studio was then run or owned by Werge. In 1862 Hughes moved to Ryde on the Isle of Wight and operated a studio there, the Oxford St. depot was managed by Werge.

Gustav Mullins was in partnership with Jabez Hughes from 1866 and sole proprietor of the Ryde studio on the death of Hughes in 1884 (the Hughes & Mullins name was retained). He was the son of Henry Mullins who worked as a photographer in Jersey and London.

The Ryde studio is described in The Photographic Studios of Europe.

Books by Jabez Hughes: The Principles and Practice of Photography familiarly explained. A manual for beginners, and reference book for expert photographers. Comprising the collodion process, 1860.

Books by Jabez Hughes and John Werge: How to Learn Photography, comprising a course of easy and familiar lessons on the collodion process, printing on plain and albuminised paper; how to produce life size portraits. Dry-plate photography. A manual for beginners, 1860.

Opticians and later specialist lantern suppliers. By the 1930s they were supplying condensers and lighting apparatus for projectors.

Hughes started his career as a chemist, druggist and dentist, his father had ran a chemist business in Hoxton Street for several years. Around 1880 he describes himself as an optician and shortly afterwards opened a business off the Kingsland Road specialising in optical goods especially lanterns and later cinematography.

Shown as a manufacturer of photographic apparatus and dealers in the early 1890s and before. Taken over by C.S.Baynton in 1894.

Specialist manufacturer of enlarging and associated equipment, founded in 1873. Hume was born in 1851.

Opticians, retailers of cameras and magic lantern equipment. Manufactured the Quadrant hand camera and the Drayton Wide-angle camera.

The firm was formed in the early 1920s, from 1923 they were the agents for Contessa-Nettel, Kindermann and Hauff. They were the agents for Nagel from 1928 and Franke & Heidecke from 1929. The name Celfix comes from the brand name of a cine projection screen, the patent for the screen, BP 345925, was in the name of Robert Forgie Hunter, Arthur Blackburn and Hugo Nagel.

In the 1960s became part of Johnsons of Hendon.

Suppliers of printing and process equipment. From 1927 Hunter's became Hunter-Penrose.

Not many cameras from this company are known. An advertisement in the BJA for 1898 claims they are manufacturers and shows a large studio camera. They almost certainly re-badged cameras from other manufacturers and developed a large wholesale/distribution business. An advertisement in 1887 by Chapman lists Hurman as their agents. The partnership between Ernest William Andrew Schumann and Frederick Kossuth Hurman trading as F.K. Hurman & Co. was dissolved in 1896, the firm was then run by Hurman alone. In October 1901 Hurman took over Marlow Bros. Around 1904 Hurman was acquired by Kodak (London) to form the core of Kodak's wholesale business.

F.K. Hurman was elected a member of the RPS in 1894, a photograph of him is contained in the July 1902 issue of the Photographic Dealer.

Optician and instrument maker especially of microscopes. The date of 1762 is often shown in advertisements, this refers to preceding companies rather than strictly to Husbands. Husbands worked for the instrument maker Thomas Davies King.

Following the death of Henry Husbands in 1900 the firm was run by three of his sons. The partnership between Henry James Husbands, James Wessen Husbands, and Alfred Witchell Husbands was dissolved in 1910.